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A Historical Inquiry … H. Andisheh and M.R. Payvandi / 101
the school of Ahl al-Bayt was relatively flexible stance on
oppressed and historians and the first two caliphs during his
writers of “Milal wa Nihal”, uprising. (Mashkour, 2011: 59)
have not been observed justice Whichever of the two meanings
in this regard. is accepted, the word “Rafiḍi”
is not synonymous with Shia
The Difference between in the general sense; because
“Rafiḍi” and “Shia” Synonyms this word does not include
The word Shia is a general groups of Zaidiyyah.
concept that by accepted
definition, includes all Shia 2. Ja'fari
denominations and groups Imam Ja'far Sadiq, with his
such as the Zaidiyyah, the great efforts, gave a special
Kaysanites, and the Isma'ilism; jurisprudential and theological
but there are other words that identity to the Shiites who
differ from this general concept. believe in the leadership of the
The following are some infallible Imams; hence, the
synonymous words and their Shiites who benefited from his
differences with the word “Rafidi”: teachings became known as
“Ja'fari”. Today, the word
1. Rafiḍi “Ja'fari” is synonymous with
“Rafiḍi” means rejecting and the “Twelver” Shiites; but
leaving something. Shia opponents according to some, the Isma'ilism
often use the word to denounce are also included, because they
and slander. (Ameli, 1960: 43) believe in the Imamate of
It has been said about this Imam Sadiq.
word: Since the Shiites rejected
the caliphate of the first two 3. Imamiyyah
caliphs, they are called Rafiḍi. In the time of each of the
(Ash'ari, 1980: 16) infallible Imams: The Shiites
Some also believe that who believed in his Imamate
Rafiḍi refers to Shiites who from the children of Fatimah
left his camp due to Zayd bint Mohammad and continued
